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<title>Consciousness Explained</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Consciousness Explained</i></span>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-book vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Consciousness Explained </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel C. Dennett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Little, Brown and Co.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> and <a href="Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">511</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><bdi>0-316-18065-3</bdi></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23648691">23648691</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">126 20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">B105.C477 D45 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="Intentional_stance" title="Intentional stance">The Intentional Stance</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="Darwin's_Dangerous_Idea" title="Darwin's Dangerous Idea">Darwin's Dangerous Idea</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><i><b>Consciousness Explained</b></i> is a 1991 book by the American philosopher <a href="Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, in which the author offers an account of how <a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> arises from interaction of physical and <a href="Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> processes in the <a href="Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. Dennett describes consciousness as an account of the various calculations occurring in the brain at close to the same time. He compares consciousness to an academic paper that is being developed or edited in the hands of multiple people at one time, the "multiple drafts" theory of consciousness. In this analogy, "the paper" exists even though there is no single, unified paper.

When people report on their inner experiences, Dennett considers their reports to be more like theorizing than like describing. These reports may be informative, he says, but a psychologist is not to take them at face value.

Dennett describes several phenomena that show that perception is more limited and less reliable than we perceive it to be.

</p><p>Dennett's views set out in <i>Consciousness Explained</i> put him at odds with thinkers who say that consciousness can be described only with reference to "<a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>," i.e., the raw content of experience. Critics of the book have said that Dennett is denying the existence of subjective conscious states, while giving the appearance of giving a scientific explanation of them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2></div>

<p>Dennett puts forward a <a href="Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">"multiple drafts" model</a> of consciousness, suggesting that there is no single central place (a "<a href="Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a>") where conscious experience occurs; instead there are "various events of content-fixation occurring in various places at various times in the brain".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain consists of a "bundle of semi-independent agencies";<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when "content-fixation" takes place in one of these, its effects may propagate so that it leads to the utterance of one of the sentences that make up the story in which the central character is one's "self". Dennett's view of consciousness is that it is the apparently serial account for the brain's underlying process in which multiple calculations are happening at once (that is, <i><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallelism</a></i>).

</p><p>One of Dennett's more controversial claims is that <a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> do not (and cannot) exist as qualia are described to be. Dennett's main argument is that the various properties attributed to qualia by philosophers—qualia are supposed to be incorrigible, ineffable, private, directly accessible and so on—are incompatible, so the notion of qualia is incoherent. The non-existence of qualia would mean that there is no <a href="Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a>, and "<a href="Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombies</a>", which are supposed to act like a human in every way while somehow lacking qualia, cannot exist. So, as Dennett wryly notes, he is committed to the belief that we are all philosophical zombies (if you define the term "philosophical zombie" as functionally identical to a human being without any additional non-material aspects)—adding that his remark is very much open to misinterpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Dennett claims that our brains hold only a few salient details about the world, and that this is the only reason we are able to function at all. Thus, we do not store elaborate pictures in short-term memory, as this is not necessary and would consume valuable computing power. Rather, we log what has changed and assume the rest has stayed the same, with the result that we miss some details, as demonstrated in various experiments and illusions, some of which Dennett outlines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research subsequent to Dennett's book indicates that some of his postulations were more conservative than expected. A year after <i>Consciousness Explained</i> was published, Dennett noted "I wish in retrospect that I'd been more daring, since the effects are stronger than I claimed". Since then, examples continue to accumulate of the illusory nature of our visual world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A key philosophical method is <a href="Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">heterophenomenology</a>, in which the verbal or written reports of subjects are treated as akin to a theorist's fiction—the subject's report is not questioned, but it is not assumed to be an incorrigible report about that subject's inner state. This approach allows the reports of the subject to be a datum in psychological research, thus circumventing the limits of classical <a href="Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>.

</p><p>Dennett says that only a theory that explained conscious events in terms of unconscious events could explain consciousness at all: "To explain is to explain <i>away</i>".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

<p>The New York Times designated <i>Consciousness Explained</i> as one of the ten best books of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-LB_CE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB_CE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In <i>New York Times Book Review</i>, George Johnson called it "nothing short of brilliant".<sup id="cite_ref-LB_CE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB_CE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Critics of Dennett's approach argue that Dennett fails to engage with the <a href="Problem_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem of consciousness">problem of consciousness</a> by <a href="Equivocation" title="Equivocation">equivocating</a> subjective experience with behaviour or cognition. In his 1996 book <i><a href="The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></i>, philosopher <a href="David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> argues that Dennett's position is "a denial" of consciousness, and jokingly wonders if Dennett is a <a href="Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics believe that the book's title is misleading as it fails to actually explain consciousness. Detractors have provided the alternative titles of <i>Consciousness Ignored</i> and <i>Consciousness Explained Away.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> argues<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Dennett, who insists that discussing subjectivity is nonsense because it is unscientific and science presupposes objectivity, is making a <a href="Category_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Category error">category error</a>. Searle argues that the goal of science is to establish and validate statements which are <a href="Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemically</a> objective (i.e., whose truth can be discovered and evaluated by any interested party), but these statements can be about what is <a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">ontologically</a> subjective. Searle states that the epistemic objectivity of the scientific method does not preclude the ontological subjectivity of the subject matter. For example, <a href="Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> is a subjective experience whose existence is not in doubt. One of the aims of <a href="Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> is to understand and treat it. Searle calls any value judgment epistemically subjective. Thus, "McKinley is prettier than Everest" is epistemically subjective, whereas "McKinley is higher than Everest" is epistemically objective. In other words, the latter statement is evaluable (in fact, falsifiable) by an understood ("background") criterion for mountain height, like "the summit is so many meters above sea level". No such criteria exist for prettiness. Searle writes that, in Dennett's view, there is no consciousness in addition to the computational features, because that is all that consciousness amounts to for him: mere effects of a von Neumann(esque) virtual machine implemented in a parallel architecture and therefore implies that conscious states are illusory. In contrast, Searle asserts that, "where consciousness is concerned, the existence of the appearance is the reality."

</p><p>

Searle wrote further: </p><blockquote><p>To put it as clearly as I can: in his book, <i>Consciousness Explained</i>, Dennett denies the existence of consciousness. He continues to use the word, but he means something different by it. For him, it refers only to third-person phenomena, not to the first-person conscious feelings and experiences we all have. For Dennett there is no difference between us humans and complex zombies who lack any inner feelings, because we are all just complex zombies. ...I regard his view as self-refuting because it denies the existence of the data which a theory of consciousness is supposed to explain...Here is the paradox of this exchange: I am a conscious reviewer consciously answering the objections of an author who gives every indication of being consciously and puzzlingly angry. I do this for a readership that I assume is conscious. How then can I take seriously his claim that consciousness does not really exist?<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Dennett and his <a href="Eliminative_materialism#Illusionism" title="Eliminative materialism">illusionist</a> supporters, however, respond that the aforementioned "subjective aspect" of conscious minds is nonexistent, an unscientific remnant of commonsense "<a href="Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">folk psychology</a>", and that his alleged redefinition is the only coherent description of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Neuroscientists such as <a href="Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a>, <a href="Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a>, <a href="Vilayanur_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayanur Ramachandran">Vilayanur Ramachandran</a>, <a href="Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a>, <a href="Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> and <a href="Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a> argue that qualia exist and that the desire to eliminate them is based on an erroneous interpretation on the part of some philosophers regarding what constitutes science.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Change_blindness" title="Change blindness">Change blindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Homunculus_argument" title="Homunculus argument">Homunculus argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Society_of_Mind" title="Society of Mind">Society of Mind</a></i></li>

<li><a href="The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, J R: <i>The Mystery of Consciousness</i> (1997) p. 95–131</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennett1991">Dennett 1991</a>, p. 365</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennett1991">Dennett 1991</a>, p. 260</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennett1991">Dennett 1991</a>, p. 406. "Are zombies possible? They're not just possible, they're actual. We're all zombies. Nobody is conscious — not in the systematically mysterious way that supports such doctrines as epiphenomenalism." In a footnote Dennett states: "It would be an act of desperate intellectual dishonesty to quote this assertion out of context!"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinney2000">Spinney 2000</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennett1991">Dennett 1991</a>. See e.g. chapter 5 on "Orwellian and Stalinesque Revisions". Memory is central to much of Dennett's book, with reference found throughout.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinney2000">Spinney 2000</a>, p.30</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LB_CE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LB_CE_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LB_CE_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.littlebrown.com/titles/daniel-c-dennett/consciousness-explained/9780316439480/">Consciousness Explained</a>, retrieved 24 May 2021.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-conscious-mind-9780195117899?cc=us&lang=en&">"Chalmers, David J., The Conscious Mind, pp. 190. Oxford University Press, 1996"</a>. <i>global.oup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarash2003">Barash 2003</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2005">Carruthers 2005</a>, p. 32</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, J R: <i>The Mystery of Consciousness</i> (1997) p. 95–131</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSearleDennett1995" class="citation news cs1">Searle, John R.; Dennett, Daniel C. (1995-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/12/21/the-mystery-of-consciousness-an-exchange/">"'The Mystery of Consciousness': An Exchange"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrankish2016" class="citation journal cs1">Frankish, Keith (2016). "Illusionism as a Theory of Consciousness". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>39.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrazianoGuterstamBioWilterson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Graziano, Michael; Guterstam, Arvid; Bio, Branden J.; Wilterson, Andrew I. (2020). "Toward a standard model of consciousness: Reconciling the attention schema, global workspace, higher-order thought, and illusionist theories". <i>Cognitive Neuropsychology</i>. <b>37</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>172. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02643294.2019.1670630">10.1080/02643294.2019.1670630</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31556341">31556341</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203441429">203441429</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damasio, A. (1999). <i>The feeling of what happens</i>. Harcourt Brace.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, G., Gally, J. & Baars, B. (2011). Biology of consciousness. <i>Frontiers In Psychology, 2</i>, 4, 1-6.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, G. (1992). <i>Bright air, brilliant fire</i>. Basic Books, p. 115.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edelman, G. (2003). Naturalizing consciousness: A theoretical framework. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100</i>, 9, 5520-5524.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, C. (2019). <i>The feeling of life itself</i>. The MIT Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Llinás, R. (2003). <i>I of the Vortex.</i> MIT Press, pp. 202–207.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oizumi, M., Albantakis, L., & Tononi, G. (2014). From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated information theory 3.0. <i>PLOS Computational Biology, 10</i>, e1003588.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overgaard, M., Mogensen, J. & Kirkeby-Hinrup, A. (Eds.) (2021). <i>Beyond neural correlates of consciousness.</i> Routledge Taylor & Francis.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramachandran, V. & Hirstein, W. (1997). “Three laws of qualia. What neurology tells us about the biological functions of consciousness, qualia and the self.” Journal of consciousness studies, 4 (5-6), pp. 429-458.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tononi, G., Boly, M., Massimini, M., & Koch, C. (2016). Integrated information theory: From consciousness to its physical substrate. <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17</i>, 450–461.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarash2003" class="citation cs2">Barash, David P. (March 22, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821231237/http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/dcdennett.html">"Dennett and the Darwinizing of Free Will"</a>, <i>Human Nature Review</i>, vol. 3, pp. <span class="nowrap">222–</span>225, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://human-nature.com/nibbs/03/dcdennett.html">the original</a> on August 21, 2018</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2005" class="citation cs2">Carruthers, Peter (2005), <i>Consciousness: Essays from a Higher-order Perspective</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 247, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-927735-3</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDennett1991" class="citation cs2">Dennett, Daniel (1991), Allen Lane (ed.), <i>Consciousness Explained</i>, The Penguin Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7139-9037-9</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSpinney2000" class="citation cs2">Spinney, Laura (November 18, 2000), "Blind to change", <i><a href="New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>, no. 2265, pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>32</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Consciousness_Explained" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li>Dennett, Daniel (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/254/">Quining Qualia</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~lormand/phil/cons/qualia.htm">Lormand, E. Qualia! (Now Showing at a Theater near You)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226091151/http://www.lucs.lu.se/ftp/pub/LUCS_Studies/LUCS58.pdf">de Leon, D. The Qualities of Qualia</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Daniel_Dennett45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li>

<li><a href="Greedy_reductionism" title="Greedy reductionism">Greedy reductionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_stance" title="Intentional stance">Intentional stance</a></li>

<li><a href="Intuition_pump" title="Intuition pump">Intuition pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">Multiple drafts model</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Brainstorms" title="Brainstorms">Brainstorms</a></i> (1981)</li>

<li><i><a href="Elbow_Room_(Dennett_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow Room (Dennett book)">Elbow Room</a></i> (1984)</li>

<li><i><a href="Darwin's_Dangerous_Idea" title="Darwin's Dangerous Idea">Darwin's Dangerous Idea</a></i> (1995)</li>

<li><i><a href="Freedom_Evolves" title="Freedom Evolves">Freedom Evolves</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sweet_Dreams_(Dennett_book)" title="Sweet Dreams (Dennett book)">Sweet Dreams</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Breaking_the_Spell%3A_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="From_Bacteria_to_Bach_and_Back" title="From Bacteria to Bach and Back">From Bacteria to Bach and Back</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Philosophical_Lexicon" title="The Philosophical Lexicon">The Philosophical Lexicon</a></i></li>

<li><a href="New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consciousness277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consciousness277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_O'Shaughnessy_(philosopher)" title="Brian O'Shaughnessy (philosopher)">Brian O'Shaughnessy</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Augustus_Strong" title="Charles Augustus Strong">Charles Augustus Strong</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_Peacocke" title="Christopher Peacocke">Christopher Peacocke</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Papineau" title="David Papineau">David Papineau</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li>

<li><a href="Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Rey" title="Georges Rey">Georges Rey</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a></li>

<li><a href="Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)" title="Joseph Levine (philosopher)">Joseph Levine</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li>

<li><a href="Keith_Frankish" title="Keith Frankish">Keith Frankish</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_M._Sayre" title="Kenneth M. Sayre">Kenneth M. Sayre</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a></li>

<li><a href="Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Goff_(philosopher)" title="Philip Goff (philosopher)">Philip Goff</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Metzinger" title="Thomas Metzinger">Thomas Metzinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">William Kingdon Clifford</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Seager_(philosopher)" title="William Seager (philosopher)">William Seager</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_D._Hoffman" title="Donald D. Hoffman">Donald D. Hoffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Koffka" title="Kurt Koffka">Kurt Koffka</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Max Wertheimer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li>

<li><a href="William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a></li>

<li><a href="Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li>

<li><a href="Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Weiskrantz" title="Lawrence Weiskrantz">Lawrence Weiskrantz</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Gazzaniga" title="Michael Gazzaniga">Michael Gazzaniga</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Michael Graziano</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Wilken" title="Patrick Wilken">Patrick Wilken</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Laureys" title="Steven Laureys">Steven Laureys</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf_Singer" title="Wolf Singer">Wolf Singer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li>

<li><a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anomalous_monism" title="Anomalous monism">Anomalous monism</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-aspect_theory" title="Double-aspect theory">Double-aspect theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Mind–body dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychophysical_parallelism" title="Psychophysical parallelism">Parallelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_monism" title="Reflexive monism">Reflexive monism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revisionary_materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionary materialism">Revisionary materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>

<li><a href="Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attention_schema_theory" title="Attention schema theory">Attention schema theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness_causes_collapse" title="Consciousness causes collapse">Consciousness causes collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Universe_of_Consciousness#The_Dynamic_Core_Hypothesis" title="A Universe of Consciousness">Dynamic core hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Damasio's_theory_of_consciousness" title="Damasio's theory of consciousness">Damasio's theory of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" title="Electromagnetic theories of consciousness">Electromagnetic theories of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_workspace_theory" title="Global workspace theory">Global workspace theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_theories_of_consciousness" title="Higher-order theories of consciousness">Higher-order theories of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_information_theory" title="Integrated information theory">Integrated information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_masking#Lamme's_recurrent_feedback_hypothesis_of_visual_awareness_and_masking" title="Visual masking">Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_drafts_model" title="Multiple drafts model">Multiple drafts model</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a>

<ul><li><a href="Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">Attentional control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">Binding problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Blindsight" title="Blindsight">Blindsight</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a></li>

<li><a href="Disorders_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorders of consciousness">Disorders of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Divided_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided consciousness">Divided consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_consciousness" title="Dual consciousness">Dual consciousness (split-brain)</a></li>

<li><a href="Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_suppression" title="Flash suppression">Flash suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">Heterophenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Introspection_illusion" title="Introspection illusion">Introspection illusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">Knowledge argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">Locked-in syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">Minimally conscious state</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_consciousness" title="Primary consciousness">Primary consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>

<li><a href="Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">Reentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakshi_(witness)" title="Sakshi (witness)">Sakshi</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">Secondary consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Sociology of human consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Subconscious" title="Subconscious">Subconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Subjective_character_of_experience" title="Subjective character of experience">Subjective character of experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">Subjectivity and objectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_masking" title="Visual masking">Visual masking</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness_causes_collapse" title="Consciousness causes collapse">Consciousness causes collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="A_Universe_of_Consciousness" title="A Universe of Consciousness">A Universe of Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cosmic_Consciousness" title="Cosmic Consciousness">Cosmic Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="How_the_Self_Controls_Its_Brain" title="How the Self Controls Its Brain">How the Self Controls Its Brain</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Online_Consciousness_Conference" title="Online Consciousness Conference">Online Consciousness Conference</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Psyche_(consciousness_journal)" title="Psyche (consciousness journal)">Psyche</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Astonishing_Hypothesis" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Conscious_Mind" title="The Conscious Mind">The Conscious Mind</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Emperor's_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i></li>

<li><a href="The_Science_of_Consciousness" title="The Science of Consciousness">The Science of Consciousness</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Understanding_Consciousness" title="Understanding Consciousness">Understanding Consciousness</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wider_than_the_Sky" title="Wider than the Sky">Wider than the Sky</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Consciousness">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br>processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li>

<li><a href="Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">Inbreeding avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Kin_recognition" title="Kin recognition">Kin recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li>

<li><a href="Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Species-typical_behavior" title="Species-typical behavior">Species-typical behavior</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br><a href="Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_unconscious" title="Adaptive unconscious">Adaptive unconscious</a>/<a href="Unconscious_cognition" title="Unconscious cognition">Unconscious cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_specialization" title="Cognitive specialization">Cognitive specialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a>/<a href="Domain-specific_learning" title="Domain-specific learning">learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_cognition" title="Numerical cognition">Numerical cognition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Number_sense" title="Number sense">Number sense</a></li>

<li><a href="Approximate_number_system" title="Approximate number system">Approximate number system</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_individuation_system" title="Parallel individuation system">Parallel individuation system</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li>

<li><a href="Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br><a href="Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li>

<li><a href="Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li>

<li><a href="Societal_effects_of_cars" title="Societal effects of cars">Societal effects of cars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li>

<li><a href="Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal</a>/<a href="Comparative_cognition" title="Comparative cognition">comparative cognition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_language" title="Animal language">Animal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal-made_art" title="Animal-made art">Animal-made art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">Cognitive bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="G_factor_in_non-humans" title="G factor in non-humans"><i>g</i> factor in non-humans</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Number_sense_in_animals" title="Number sense in animals">Number sense</a></li>

<li><a href="Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_mind_in_animals" title="Theory of mind in animals">Theory of mind</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisher's_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>/<a href="Acquired_characteristic" title="Acquired characteristic">acquired characteristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Population" title="Population">Population</a></li>

<li><a href="Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Species" title="Species">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Evolutionary psychology</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3APsychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Consciousness_Explained&oldid=1280594039">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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